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Are you struggling to cope with the death of someone close? Or has unprocessed grief from the past come back to trouble your thoughts? Are you struggling to cope with your grief? Whatever form of grief you’re struggling with, your feelings need to be validated and processed appropriately. And it may be hard to come to terms with your loss on your own.

The trained therapists at Bayside Psychotherapy have experience with grief & loss counselling and support, no matter your circumstance our professional mental health counsellors can offer a supportive and understanding environment. We can work together to tailor a grief support approach that suits you.

Grief & Loss Counselling - Bayside Psychotherapy

What Are The Stages Of Grief And Loss?

Depending on which theory you read, the most commonly cited stages are denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance, other theories involve as many as 12 stages. In any case, to live is to experience loss, and the logical outcome of loss is grief.

Loss and trauma are not just confined to major events like the loss of a loved one or life transitions. Just growing up involves loss, as do misunderstandings resulting from the imprecise language we are immersed in — leading to the loss of hope or ideals. Misunderstandings can be traumatic and cause major issues for families and communities.

People are typically ill equipped to deal with the pain caused by loss. We can be reluctant to give up the idea that we’re entitled to be compensated in some way for the losses we believe were inflicted upon us. Such thoughts and feelings can have negative consequences. It implies the hope that someone else can make us whole again, or at least fill the gap left behind by the loss we feel was unjustly inflicted on us.

The problem is that this debt we believe we’re owed can never be satisfactorily repaid. And it’s rarely very clear who’s at fault. Thus perhaps the most important and difficult stage in a grieving process is acceptance — not some intellectual recognition but a fundamental reversal of a rigid, aggrieved perception of the world. This reversal is no easy task, especially without help.

Stages Of Grief Infographic - Bayside Psychotherapy Melbourne

Understanding Grief, Mourning, and Bereavement

Everyone who cares about anything will experience grief eventually. Losing a loved one, a parent, a pet, a prospect, a pregnancy — experiencing a loss can trigger intense sadness, anger, anxiety, loneliness, confusion and emptiness. Grief can confuse us or make us feel numb, and sometimes it can make us question our life priorities and values.

Avoiding expressing feelings of grief and loss can take a severe toll on our mental health. We may initially feel that it’s best to suppress any emotional feeling and try to move on, but if we fail to take care of our mental health those deep seated feelings can present later in life and we can experience intense sense of pain and loss.

Unfortunately, our modern society is not skilled in understanding and dealing with the effects of grief and loss, the ongoing painful emotions, distress and harm  that accompany them. We’ve lost many of the vital customs and rituals that traditional cultures used to process loss, particularly in the case of death. 

Inadequate grieving can result in an experience called ‘complicated grief’, later in life: Grief that is delayed and condensed from being repressed can deliver consequences of anxiety, depression, musculoskeletal conditions and even digestive disturbances. 

our self-hypnosis MP3 recording for grief and loss, which may complement your therapy in your own time.

We Can Help You Deal With Grief & Loss

Grief is not an “illness.” Your experience of grief and loss is unique, and might even feel overwhelming, but it is not insurmountable. Grief is our inbuilt way of dealing with the inevitable losses in life. It is a healing and natural process that should in the natural course of things leave you free to pursue other relationships and new avenues in life.

In your first counselling session, we aim to learn more about your experience and how we may be able to help you. We will help you to feel safe in the room, make sure you connect with your grief counsellor and work together to set goals for your treatment. We aim to help you to expand your feelings of safety in your sessions into the rest of your life, so you honour your feelings of loss and grief without being overwhelmed by them. A combination of mindfulness therapy and psychoanalytic psychotherapy tailored to the client is one approach our therapists have found that may be effective for your grief counselling.

 

Overcoming Grief Counselling & Therapy - Bayside Psychotherapy

How Long Until I Feel better?

Grieving, and psychotherapy, are both more of a process than a fixed destination. However, many people report finding that the act of seeking help is often all it takes to give you a glimpse of the light at the end of the tunnel. After a few sessions, your therapist will be able to evaluate how well your counselling is working. We may then get a clearer idea of how many more sessions might be indicated to help you come to accept your loss. Recovery from complicated grief is likely to take more time because of its complex nature, and the additional psychological and physical symptoms that can develop.

Are You Struggling With Coming To Terms With Grief Or Loss?

Psychologist Melbourne - Bayside Psychotherapy

How Does Bayside Psychotherapy Treat Grief and Loss?

We don’t believe that people can just “get over” their loss through an effort of will. Processing grief takes delicacy and compassion, and a deep understanding of human nature. Our therapists’ training in counselling, psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, and Buddhist psychotherapy provides us with a wide range of tools to draw on to support you through your grieving process. Even if you’ve tried counselling before without success, you might find our gentle, flexible blend of Eastern and Western therapies is a good fit for you.

It takes courage to start grief counselling, and it might be the most important thing you do for yourself and your family if you’re struggling to cope.

Please call us on (03) 9557 9113 or use our online form to make an appointment for an initial session, either at our Highett clinic or remotely from the comfort of your home. Your call is completely confidential, and there’s absolutely no obligation to proceed.

Our targeted self-hypnosis MP3 recording for grief and loss can be downloaded here if you’d like to possibly get a head start on your therapy.

Note: Whilst we will do our best to assist you, we rely upon your commitment to and participation in the treatment process to optimise results. Although some of our therapists work with people presenting with this condition, no guarantees of any outcomes can be made.

What Is Grief Counselling?

Grief Counselling is a form of counselling or psychotherapy that is delivered by a practitioner whose goal is to help people cope with the grief associated with losing someone or something. Sometimes the pain of losing someone can be more than a person can manage, which triggers a range of conflictual and intense feelings.

Grief comes in many forms, for example, you may not have experienced the death of a loved one, but perhaps a child has moved out of the home; your divorce has been finalised and you are alone for the first time in many years, or you have lost a job that kept you financially stable. As such, a grief counsellor will be the person that you can talk to and who can help you navigate through the strange and unprecedented time you are going through.

Do I need Grief Counselling?

Have you lost someone and find yourself feeling overwhelming sadness, loss, or grief? Or do you feel unable to let go and move on? Perhaps you are suddenly realising you are processing grief from the past? If so, our highly trained psychotherapists at Bayside Psychotherapy are here to support you through it.

Engaging a Grief Counsellor is an important step in being able to come to terms with the loss in your life, no matter how recent or long ago. Our team has experience in treating grief-related trauma via several methods of support and treatment plans and can tailor an individual plan to support your unique needs.

When Should I Consult a Grief Counsellor?

Our grief and loss counsellors will consult with you via video conferencing or face to face and will guide you through mindfulness therapies (depending on which therapist you engage) to assist you to process how you feel in a safe space and without judgement. Grief is naturalistic and not an “illness” as such.

In your initial session, your grief and loss counsellor will seek to build a rapport with you, to see if you both click. They will help you to feel safe and comfortable so you can be with your feelings of loss and grief without feeling too overwhelmed to speak. Therapy and psychoanalytic psychotherapy are delivered via a tailored style rather than a scripted method to suit your unique experience.

In your initial session, your grief and loss counsellor will seek to build a rapport with you, to see if you both click. They will help you to feel safe and comfortable so you can be with your feelings of loss and grief without feeling overwhelmed. Therapy and psychoanalytic psychotherapy are delivered via a tailored style rather than a scripted method to suit your unique experience. Even if you’ve tried other forms of grief and loss counselling in the past, our unique combination of both Eastern and Western therapies means you’ll have a good chance of recovery.

Seeking Professional Advice

Seeking professional help can help begin the process of understanding grief, there is no right or wrong way to deal with grief as everyone experiences it in different ways. Working closely with a health care specialist can be emotionally rewarding. The therapists at Bayside Psychotherapy are here to help you with grief and loss counselling, either in person at our Highett clinic or remotely, via a secure, compassionate online service. 

Do you have any questions for us? Get in touch with us through our online contact form.

Call Bayside Psychotherapy on (03) 9557 9113 to find out if we’re able to help you. Your call is completely confidential, and there’s absolutely no obligation.

You can also book an appointment by using our online booking form for online appointments. Or, if you prefer, you can book an in-clinic session.

Note: Whilst we will do our best to assist you, we rely upon your commitment to and participation in the treatment process to optimise results. Although some of our therapists work with people presenting with this condition, no guarantees of any outcomes can be made.

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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)


Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a short-term, goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment that aims to change negative patterns of thinking or behaviour. It is based on the idea that our thoughts, feelings, and actions are interconnected and that changing negative thought patterns can lead to changes in feelings and behaviours. CBT helps individuals identify and challenge distorted or unhelpful thinking patterns and beliefs, teaching them to respond to challenging situations more effectively. It is commonly used to treat a wide range of disorders, including depression, anxiety, and phobias. The therapy involves working with a therapist in a structured setting, and the skills learned can be applied to everyday life. With its evidence-based approach, CBT has proven effective for many individuals in managing their psychological challenges.

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Psychodynamic Therapy


Psychodynamic therapy, rooted in the theories of psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud, focuses on the unconscious processes as they manifest in a person's present behaviour. The goal is to increase self-awareness and understanding of how past experiences influence current behaviour. It explores unresolved conflicts and traumatic experiences from the past, which may be impacting present-day behaviours and emotions. Therapists often delve into childhood events, dreams, and the relationship between the therapist and client to uncover hidden patterns. By bringing these unconscious feelings and drives to consciousness, individuals can gain insights into their lives, leading to healing and personal growth. While traditionally long-term, many contemporary forms of psychodynamic therapy are shorter-term. It is used to treat a broad range of conditions, including depression, anxiety, and personality disorders.

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Person-Centred Therapy (or Rogerian Therapy)


Person-centred therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, is a humanistic approach that emphasises the individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and growth. The therapist provides an environment of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness, allowing clients to freely express themselves without fear of judgement. This nurturing atmosphere facilitates self-exploration and self-acceptance. Central to the approach is the belief that individuals possess an innate ability to find their solutions when given the right conditions. The therapist's role is not to direct or advise, but rather to act as a facilitative companion on the client's journey. The focus is on the here and now, with the aim to enhance the individual's self-awareness, self-worth, and capacity to create positive changes in their lives.

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Hypnotherapy


Hypnotherapy is a therapeutic technique that uses guided relaxation, intense concentration, and focused attention to achieve a heightened state of consciousness or trance. Conducted by certified hypnotherapists, it taps into the subconscious mind, allowing clients to explore suppressed memories, emotions, or negative patterns. The process can facilitate behaviour change by introducing positive affirmations or suggestions. Hypnotherapy is often employed to treat anxieties, phobias, substance addictions, unwanted behaviours, and pain management. It can also be used to uncover and address deeper traumas or past experiences. While many report positive results from hypnotherapy, it requires the individual's willingness and trust in the process. It is crucial to approach it with an open mind and under the guidance of a trained professional.

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Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)


Interpersonal therapy (IPT) is a time-limited, evidence-based treatment that focuses on interpersonal issues, aiming to improve communication patterns and relational dynamics. Developed primarily for depression, IPT operates on the premise that psychological symptoms are often linked to interpersonal problems. It concentrates on four main areas: unresolved grief, role disputes (conflicts with significant others), role transitions (major life changes), and interpersonal deficits (long-standing difficulties in forming and maintaining healthy relationships). Therapists help clients identify and address current interpersonal issues that may contribute to their emotional distress. By enhancing communication and relational skills, IPT seeks to alleviate symptoms and improve interpersonal functioning. Emphasising the here and now, it offers practical strategies and insights for individuals to better navigate their social environments.

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Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)


Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) is a cognitive-behavioural treatment developed by Dr. Marsha Linehan, primarily for individuals with borderline personality disorder and chronic suicidality. DBT combines standard cognitive-behavioural techniques with concepts from Buddhist meditation, emphasising both acceptance and change. The therapy addresses emotional dysregulation by teaching patients skills in four key areas: mindfulness (staying present in the moment), distress tolerance (managing crises and accepting situations without change), emotion regulation (understanding and managing intense emotions), and interpersonal effectiveness (communicating and setting boundaries). DBT incorporates both individual therapy and group skills training. Its efficacy has expanded beyond its initial focus, showing promise in treating other disorders like eating disorders, substance use disorders, and mood disorders. It aims to balance self-acceptance with the need for change, fostering both emotional stability and interpersonal effectiveness.

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Integrative or Eclectic Therapy


Integrative or Eclectic therapy combines elements from various therapeutic approaches based on a client's individual needs. Instead of adhering to a single therapy model, integrative therapists are flexible, drawing from multiple theories and techniques to create a personalised treatment. This approach recognizes the value of diverse therapeutic methods and believes no one size fits all. By blending elements from different therapies, integrative practitioners aim to enhance treatment efficacy, tailoring it to the specific issues, preferences, and cultural backgrounds of each client. The underlying principle is that different individuals may benefit from different approaches at different times. Thus, an integrative or eclectic approach is holistic, adaptable, and client-centred, aiming to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes by using a wider range of tools and insights.

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Narrative Therapy


Narrative therapy is a therapeutic approach that centres on the stories people construct and hold about their lives. Developed by Michael White and David Epston, it posits that individuals give meaning to their experiences through narrative, often influenced by societal norms and beliefs. In this therapy, problems are externalised, allowing clients to view issues as separate from themselves. Therapists help clients "re-author" these narratives, emphasising strengths, achievements, and overlooked potential. By dissecting and reframing these stories, individuals can perceive challenges differently, identify alternative narratives, and construct more empowered versions of their lives. The approach is non-pathologizing, viewing people as experts of their own lives, with the therapist acting as a collaborative partner in the exploration and rewriting process. Narrative therapy fosters resilience, agency, and personal transformation.

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Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)


Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) is a goal-oriented approach that emphasises solutions rather than problems. Developed by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg in the 1980s, SFBT operates on the belief that clients possess inherent strengths and resources to manage difficulties and create desired changes. Instead of delving into the origins of problems, the therapy focuses on envisioning a preferred future and identifying practical steps to achieve it. Sessions often involve questions that help clients recognize successes, however small, and build on them. Questions might explore exceptions (times when the problem was not present) or elicit positive feedback, reinforcing progress. SFBT is typically shorter in duration than other modalities and is applicable across various settings and populations, emphasising resilience, competence, and actionable solutions.

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Gestalt Therapy


Gestalt therapy, developed by Fritz Perls in the mid-20th century, is an experiential and holistic approach focusing on self-awareness and the "here and now." It emphasises personal responsibility and the individual's experience in the present moment, the environment, and the context. The therapy seeks to help clients integrate fragmented aspects of the self, leading to a more unified, authentic whole. Gestalt therapists use creative techniques, including role-playing, dialogue, and experiential exercises, to heighten awareness and resolve unfinished business or "gestalts." Central to the approach is the belief in the innate human capacity for self-regulation and growth when individuals fully experience their feelings and perceptions. Gestalt therapy underscores the importance of the therapist-client relationship, direct engagement, and mutual influence, aiming to foster self-acceptance and personal growth.

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Schema Therapy


Schema therapy, developed by Dr. Jeffrey Young, integrates elements of cognitive-behavioural, psychodynamic, attachment, and gestalt approaches to treat complex disorders, particularly borderline personality disorder. It posits that maladaptive "schemas" or core beliefs form in childhood due to unmet emotional needs. These schemas persist into adulthood, leading to unhealthy life patterns or coping styles. The therapy identifies and addresses these deep-rooted schemas, aiming to replace them with healthier coping mechanisms. Schema therapy uses various techniques like cognitive restructuring, experiential exercises, and behavioural pattern-breaking. Therapists also emphasise a therapeutic relationship marked by "limited reparenting," wherein they provide the support and guidance that clients might have missed in their childhood. By addressing these core beliefs and their origins, schema therapy seeks long-lasting change and healing for individuals with chronic psychological challenges.

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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)


Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a therapeutic approach that blends traditional behaviour therapy with mindfulness principles. Developed by Steven C. Hayes in the 1980s, ACT's primary objective is to increase psychological flexibility. It encourages individuals to embrace their thoughts and feelings rather than resisting or feeling guilty for them. The therapy focuses on six core processes: cognitive defusion (distancing from unhelpful thoughts), acceptance (embracing feelings without judgement), present-moment awareness (mindfulness), self-as-context (recognizing a consistent self beyond thoughts), values clarification (identifying what truly matters), and committed action (taking steps aligned with values). ACT posits that pain is a normal part of life and aims to help clients pursue meaningful lives in the presence of pain, rather than avoiding or being dominated by internal distress.

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Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)


Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is an integrative therapy that combines traditional cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with mindfulness strategies. Developed to prevent the recurrence of depression, MBCT teaches individuals to become more aware of their thoughts and feelings, fostering a different relationship with them rather than trying to eliminate them. This approach aids in recognizing and disrupting automatic cognitive processes, often preventing depressive relapses. Through meditation exercises and awareness techniques, clients learn to focus on the present moment, reducing rumination and negative thought patterns. Research has shown MBCT to be effective in reducing the recurrence of depression, especially for those with a history of recurrent episodes. Beyond depression, it is also applied to various conditions, promoting mental well-being by cultivating mindfulness and a more adaptive relationship with thoughts and emotions.

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Family Systems Therapy


Family systems therapy, rooted in the work of Murray Bowen, views individuals in the context of their family unit, considering familial relationships, dynamics, and patterns. It posits that an individual's behaviours and emotional well-being are inseparable from the family system they belong to. Distress or dysfunction in one member often reflects broader family dynamics. The therapy seeks to identify and address unhealthy patterns within the family, aiming to foster understanding, improve communication, and resolve conflicts. Therapists observe interactions, facilitate dialogues, and guide family members towards healthier ways of relating. They consider generational patterns, roles, and boundaries. The goal is not just to address the concerns of one member but to enhance the well-being and functionality of the entire family system, recognizing its interconnected nature.

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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) References


  • Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427-440.
  • Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Weitz, E., Andersson, G., Hollon, S. D., & van Straten, A. (2017). The effects of psychotherapies for major depression in adults on remission, recovery, and improvement: a meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 202, 511-517.
  • Wiles, N., Thomas, L., Abel, A., Ridgway, N., Turner, N., Campbell, J., ... & Hollinghurst, S. (2013). Cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for primary care based patients with treatment-resistant depression: results of the CoBalT randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 381(9864), 375-384.
  • Johnsen, T. J., & Friborg, O. (2015). The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy as an anti-depressive treatment is falling: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141(4), 747.
  • Driessen, E., Van, H. L., Don, F. J., Peen, J., Kool, S., Westra, D., ... & Dekker, J. J. (2013). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy in the outpatient treatment of major depression: a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(9), 1041-1050.
  • Cuijpers, P., Cristea, I. A., Karyotaki, E., Reijnders, M., & Huibers, M. J. (2016). How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence. World Psychiatry, 15(3), 245-258.

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Psychodynamic Therapy References


  • Leichsenring, F., & Rabung, S. (2011). Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorders: update of a meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(1), 15-22.
  • Abbass, A., Kisely, S., & Kroenke, K. (2014). Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for somatic disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(5), 265-274.
  • Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2015). The neurobiology of mentalizing. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6(4), 366.
  • Gerber, A. J., Kocsis, J. H., Milrod, B. L., Roose, S. P., Barber, J. P., Thase, M. E., ... & Schneier, F. R. (2011). A quality-based review of randomized controlled trials of psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(1), 19-28.
  • Munder, T., Wilmers, F., Leonhart, R., Linster, H. W., & Barth, J. (2010). Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised (WAI-SR): psychometric properties in outpatients and inpatients. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17(3), 231-239.
  • Town, J. M., Diener, M. J., Abbass, A., Leichsenring, F., Driessen, E., & Rabung, S. (2012). A meta-analysis of psychodynamic psychotherapy outcomes: Evaluating the effects of research-specific procedures. Psychotherapy, 49(3), 276.

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Person-Centred Therapy (or Rogerian Therapy) References


  • Elliott, R., Greenberg, L. S., Watson, J., Timulak, L., & Freire, E. (2013). Research on humanistic-experiential psychotherapies. Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change, 495-538.
  • Cooper, M., O'Hara, M., Schmid, P. F., & Wyatt, G. (2016). The Handbook of Person-Centred Psychotherapy and Counselling. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (2018). Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Watson, J. C. (2017). Constructing the therapeutic relationship in person-centered therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 27(4), 475.
  • Cepeda, L. M., & Davenport, D. S. (2016). Person-centered therapy and solution-focused brief therapy: An integration of present and future awareness. Psychotherapy, 53(1), 27.
  • Murphy, R., & Hutton, P. (2018). Practitioner review: Therapist variability, patient-reported therapeutic alliance, and clinical outcomes in adolescents undergoing mental health treatment–A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(1), 5-19.

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Hypnotherapy References


  • Alladin, A. (2012). Cognitive hypnotherapy: An integrated approach to the treatment of emotional disorders. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26(4), 272-284.
  • Elkins, G., Barabasz, A., Council, J., & Spiegel, D. (2015). Advancing research and practice: The revised APA Division 30 definition of hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 57(4), 378-385.
  • Jensen, M. P., Jamieson, G. A., Lutz, A., Mazzoni, G., McGeown, W. J., Santarcangelo, E. L., ... & Terhune, D. B. (2015). New directions in hypnosis research: Strategies for advancing the cognitive and clinical neuroscience of hypnosis. Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2015(1), niv012.
  • Elkins, G., Barabasz, A., Council, J., & Spiegel, D. (2015). Advancing Research and Practice: The Revised APA Division 30 Definition of Hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 63(1), 1-9.
  • Lynn, S. J., Rhue, J. W., & Kirsch, I. (2010). Handbook of clinical hypnosis (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Alladin, A. (2012). Cognitive hypnotherapy: An integrated approach to the treatment of emotional disorders. John Wiley & Sons.

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Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) References


  • Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Weitz, E., Andersson, G., Hollon, S. D., & van Straten, A. (2016). The effects of psychotherapies for major depression in adults on remission, recovery, and improvement: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(3), 262.
  • Markowitz, J. C., & Weissman, M. M. (2012). Interpersonal psychotherapy: Past, present and future. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 19(2), 99-105.
  • Mufson, L., Dorta, K. P., Wickramaratne, P., Nomura, Y., Olfson, M., & Weissman, M. M. (2017). A randomized effectiveness trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(6), 577-584.
  • Cuijpers, P., Geraedts, A. S., van Oppen, P., Andersson, G., Markowitz, J. C., & van Straten, A. (2011). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(6), 581-592.
  • Belsher, B. E., Beevers, C. G., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2012). Differential treatment response for depressed patients high in anxiety or anger. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(5), 852.
  • Lemmens, L. H., Galindo-Garre, F., Arntz, A., Peeters, F., Hollon, S. D., Derubeis, R. J., & Huibers, M. J. (2017). Exploring mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for adult depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 94, 81-92.

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Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) References


  • Kliem, S., Kröger, C., & Kosfelder, J. (2010). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis using mixed-effects modeling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 936.
  • Panos, P. T., Jackson, J. W., Hasan, O., & Panos, A. (2014). Meta-analysis and systematic review assessing the efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Research on Social Work Practice, 24(2), 213-223.
  • Linehan, M. M., Korslund, K. E., Harned, M. S., Gallop, R. J., Lungu, A., Neacsiu, A. D., ... & Murray-Gregory, A. M. (2015). Dialectical behavior therapy for high suicide risk in individuals with borderline personality disorder: A randomized clinical trial and component analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(5), 475-482.
  • Chapman, A. L. (2016). Dialectical behavior therapy: Current indications and unique elements. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 3(9), 62.
  • Neacsiu, A. D., Eberle, J. W., Kramer, R., Wiesmann, T., & Linehan, M. M. (2014). Dialectical behavior therapy skills for transdiagnostic emotion dysregulation: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 59, 40-51.
  • Paris, J. (2017). Is hospitalization useful for suicidal patients with borderline personality disorder?. Journal of Personality Disorders, 31(1), 58-66.

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Integrative or Eclectic Therapy References


  • Norcross, J. C., & Goldfried, M. R. (Eds.). (2019). Handbook of psychotherapy integration (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Cook, J. E., Biyanova, T., & Coyne, J. C. (2010). Barriers to adoption of new treatments: An internet study of practicing community psychotherapists. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 37(2), 83-90.
  • Watson, J. C., Gordon, L. B., Stermac, L., Kalogerakos, F., & Steckley, P. (2010). Comparing the effectiveness of process‐experiential with cognitive‐behavioral psychotherapy in the treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 1030.
  • Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). The great psychotherapy debate: The evidence for what makes psychotherapy work (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  • Cooper, M. (2019). The challenge of counselling and psychotherapy research. Counselling Psychology Review, 24(3-4), 88-96.
  • Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., Andersson, G., & van Oppen, P. (2010). Psychotherapy for depression in adults: A meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(6), 909.

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Narrative Therapy References


  • Vetlesen, A. J. (2015). Narrative exposure therapy: A short-term treatment for traumatic stress disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(8), 688-696.
  • Mørkved, N., Winje, D., Dovran, A., Arefjord, K., Johnsen, I. H., Kroken, R. A., ... & Thimm, J. C. (2019). A pilot study of narrative exposure therapy in adolescents and young adults with borderline personality features and self-harm. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 656.
  • Robjant, K., & Fazel, M. (2010). The emerging evidence for Narrative Exposure Therapy: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 1030-1039.
  • Grysman, A., & Hudson, J. A. (2013). Gender differences in autobiographical memory: Developmental and methodological considerations. Developmental Review, 33(3), 239-272.
  • Thomaes, K., Dorrepaal, E., Draijer, N., Jansma, E. P., Veltman, D. J., & van Balkom, A. J. (2014). Can pharmacological and psychological treatment change brain structure and function in PTSD? A systematic review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 50, 1-15.
  • McLeod, J. (2013). An introduction to counselling. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

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Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) References


  • Franklin, C., Trepper, T. S., Gingerich, W. J., & McCollum, E. E. (2011). Solution-focused brief therapy: A handbook of evidence-based practice. Oxford University Press.
  • Kim, J. S. (2014). Examining the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy: A meta-analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, 24(3), 304-315.
  • De Shazer, S., & Dolan, Y. (2012). More than miracles: The state of the art of solution-focused brief therapy. Routledge.
  • Bond, C., Woods, K., Humphrey, N., Symes, W., & Green, L. (2013). Practitioner review: The effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy with children and families: A systematic and critical evaluation of the literature from 1990–2010. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(7), 707-723.
  • Stams, G. J., Deković, M., Buist, K., & de Vries, L. (2011). Efficacy of solution-focused brief therapy: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(4), 605-617.
  • Gingerich, W. J., & Peterson, L. T. (2013). Effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy: A systematic qualitative review of controlled outcome studies. Research on Social Work Practice, 23(3), 266-283.

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Gestalt Therapy References


  • Roubal, J. (Ed.). (2016). Gestalt therapy in clinical practice: From psychopathology to the aesthetics of contact. Siracusa: Gestalt Press.
  • Brownell, P. (2016). Handbook for theory, research, and practice in gestalt therapy (2nd ed.). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Elliott, R., Watson, J. C., Goldman, R. N., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Learning emotion-focused therapy: The process-experiential approach to change. American Psychological Association.
  • Perls, F., Hefferline, R. F., & Goodman, P. (2010). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. Start Publishing LLC.
  • Yontef, G., & Jacobs, L. (2010). Gestalt therapy. In Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology (4th ed.). Wiley.
  • Brown, M., & Pedder, J. (2015). Introduction to psychotherapy: An outline of psychodynamic principles and practice (4th ed.). Routledge.

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Schema Therapy References


  • Arntz, A., & Jacob, G. (2012). Schema therapy in practice: An introductory guide to the schema mode approach. Wiley.
  • Giesen-Bloo, J., & Arntz, A. (2013). Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: randomized trial of schema-focused therapy vs transference-focused psychotherapy. Archives of general psychiatry, 63(6), 649-658.
  • Rafaeli, E., Bernstein, D. P., & Young, J. (2011). Schema therapy: Distinctive features. Routledge.
  • Nordahl, H. M., & Nysæter, T. E. (2015). Schema therapy for patients with borderline personality disorder: a single case series. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 48, 69-77.
  • Cockram, D. M., Drummond, P. D., & Lee, C. W. (2010). Role and treatment of early maladaptive schemas in Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 17(3), 165-182.
  • Bamelis, L. L., Evers, S. M., Spinhoven, P., & Arntz, A. (2014). Results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness of schema therapy for personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(3), 305-322.

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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) References


  • Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (Eds.). (2012). Process-based CBT: The science and core clinical competencies of cognitive behavioral therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Swain, J., Hancock, K., Hainsworth, C., & Bowman, J. (2013). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in the treatment of anxiety: A systematic review. Clinical psychology review, 33(8), 965-978.
  • A-tjak, J. G., Davis, M. L., Morina, N., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2015). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy for clinically relevant mental and physical health problems. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(1), 30-36.
  • Öst, L. G. (2014). The efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Behaviour research and therapy, 61, 105-121.
  • Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Moitra, E., Yeomans, P. D., & Geller, P. A. (2012). A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Behavior modification, 36(6), 742-766.
  • Levin, M. E., Hildebrandt, M. J., Lillis, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2012). The impact of treatment components suggested by the psychological flexibility model: A meta-analysis of laboratory-based component studies. Behavior therapy, 43(4), 741-756.

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Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) References


  • Kuyken, W., Warren, F. C., Taylor, R. S., Whalley, B., Crane, C., Bondolfi, G., ... & Segal, Z. (2016). Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Prevention of Depressive Relapse. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(6), 565-574.
  • Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 78(2), 169.
  • Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clinical psychology review, 37, 1-12.
  • van der Velden, A. M., Kuyken, W., Wattar, U., Crane, C., Pallesen, K. J., Dahlgaard, J., ... & Piet, J. (2015). A systematic review of mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the treatment of recurrent major depressive disorder. Clinical psychology review, 37, 26-39.
  • Strauss, C., Cavanagh, K., Oliver, A., & Pettman, D. (2014). Mindfulness-based interventions for people diagnosed with a current episode of an anxiety or depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PLOS ONE, 9(4), e96110.
  • Crane, C., & Kuyken, W. (2013). The implementation of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: Learning from the UK health service experience. Mindfulness, 4(3), 246-254.

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Family Systems Therapy References


  • Carr, A. (2014). The evidence base for couple therapy, family therapy and systemic interventions for adult-focused problems. Journal of Family Therapy, 36(2), 158-194.
  • Lebow, J. L. (2014). Couple and family therapy: An integrative map of the territory. American Psychological Association.
  • Sexton, T. L., & Datchi, C. (2014). The development and evolution of family therapy research: Its impact on practice, current status, and future directions. Family Process, 53(3), 415-433.
  • Asen, E., & Fonagy, P. (2012). Mentalization-based therapeutic interventions for families. Journal of Family Therapy, 34(4), 347-370.
  • Sprenkle, D. H. (Ed.). (2012). Effectiveness research in marriage and family therapy. American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy.
  • Miller, S. D., Hubble, M. A., & Duncan, B. L. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of solution-focused brief therapy: Clinical applications. John Wiley & Sons.

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