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Chocolate addiction is often difficult to overcome without support. It may sound fun, but chocolate addiction can be serious. Uncontrolled consumption of anything is bound to have negative consequences eventually. People become reliant on chocolate for different reasons. The heart of the struggle with chocolate addiction is the conflict between knowing you should stop and, at the same time, craving the sweet rush it gives you. You can become genuinely dependent on that satisfaction spike to change how you feel — temporarily.

But chocolate can never really satisfy your true needs. As the addiction continues untreated, your cravings will increase, along with adverse health outcomes. And because there’s not much stigma attached to eating chocolate, it may be harder to admit that you have a problem.

The trained therapists at Bayside Psychotherapy are here to talk if you’re ready to work towards change. We use a combination of addiction counselling methods and targeted hypnotherapy that may help change patterns of behaviour. We offer sessions either online or face to face at our Highett clinic, depending on the practitioner and your preferences.

What is Chocolate Addiction Counselling & Therapy - Bayside Hypnotherapy

What is Chocolate Addiction?

We all love to eat chocolate, it makes us feel good and we might not realise we have become addicted to chocolate. Some of us have more addictive tendencies and end up addicted to it. The craving for chocolate can be beyond one’s control. Chocolate contains chemicals like theobromine and phenylethylamine, which can produce mood-lifting effects, the term “chocolate addiction” is used more informally rather than in a strict medical sense. 

Reasons for the Addiction

The deep craving for chocolate stems from various reasons like the taste, the comfort it offers, and especially the mood-altering chemicals inside it. Many people become addicted to chocolate without even realising it until the effects become noticeable.

Health Implications Eating Chocolate - Bayside Hypnotherapy

Can It Become a Problem?

Health Implications

Consuming too much chocolate, especially varieties high in sugar and fat (white chocolate), can lead to weight gain, cavities, and other negative health effects. Eating a lot of chocolate in one sitting can spike your blood sugar levels and cause insulin resistance making you more at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. It can also lead to a sugar addiction. 

Negative Impact On Mental Well-being

Sweet cravings for chocolate daily will sap willpower and desire, leading to distraction and interference in a person’s daily life. It is important to reframe how we view chocolate in daily life and to develop a better relationship with chocolate. Too much sugar consumption in the form of chocolate can lead to depressed moods and difficulty controlling hunger.

When Is Counselling Needed For Chocolate Addiction - Bayside Psychotherapy

When is Chocolate Addiction Counselling Necessary?

Uncontrollable Cravings

Many people struggle to overcome chocolate addiction and require intervention to cut chocolate out from their diets, counselling is often used to help an individual build a healthy relationship with chocolate and to lower sugar cravings. Bayside Psychotherapy helps people overcome their addiction to chocolate.

Impact on Daily Life

If the consumption of chocolate is affecting one’s work, relationships, or other essential aspects of life, counselling could be beneficial. An unhealthy relationship with chocolate will affect one’s work, personal relationships and other aspects of life. Hormone disruption, sugar cravings, difficulty regulating hunger, weight gain, inflammation and much more. Sugary foods like chocolate can and do have major impacts on a person’s daily life.

What are the Effects of Chocolate Addiction?

Physical Effects

Chocolate is known to cause weight gain, acne, digestive issues, and an increased risk of conditions like diabetes or heart disease, especially from chocolates high in sugar and fats like white chocolate or milk chocolate. 

Psychological Effects

A food addiction to chocolate for emotional comfort leads to mood swings, guilty feelings after eating, or a decreased ability to cope with stress without it, the more stressed the more likely a person is to reach for the nearest chocolate bars.

Are You Struggling To Overcome Your Chocolate Addiction?

Do I Have a Chocolate Addiction?

The term “chocoholic” is commonly used humorously to describe a person who loves chocolate. However, there is medical data to confirm the actuality of an addiction to chocolate.

Just like an addiction to an A-class drug, chocolate addictions can cause intense cravings and loss of control over when and how you eat it, despite harmful consequences. Chocolate addiction is a medical condition that may arise from the way chocolate affects brain chemistry. Chocolate contains chemicals that are found in many other stimulants, such as caffeine and theophylline (found in tea leaves).

Do you find yourself hiding your chocolate stash from family and friends? Do you feel guilty after indulging in chocolate? Do you find yourself craving chocolate so much that you can’t go a day without eating it? If you answered yes to any of these, you might have a chocolate addiction. 

How Long Does It Take to Treat a Chocolate Addiction?

It’s impossible to say exactly how long your treatment will take since every client’s situation is different. After a couple of sessions, your therapist may be able to uncover the primary reasons for the problem and evaluate how well the treatment is working. They will then have a clearer idea of how much more therapy is indicated to effect lasting change.

You may only need a few sessions to put you on the road towards overcoming chocolate cravings by yourself, depending on the complexity of the problem and your willingness to participate in the process. Others may benefit from regular, ongoing treatment.

How Does Bayside Psychotherapy Approach Addiction Counselling?

In your first session, your therapist will explore your circumstances to be able to put together what they think is the most effective treatment plan for you. The goal of treatment is to help you understand and manage your chocolate addiction by identifying and addressing underlying causes. This insight may help you create a genuine base of personal wellbeing and happiness, so you’re less likely to crave sweet quick fixes. If you can anticipate your triggers, you may be better equipped to resist temptation and break the cycle of chocolate cravings, guilt and disappointment.

Self-hypnosis may also work well when used in conjunction with counselling. You can download our Chocolate Addiction Self Hypnosis recording from our website.

Call us on (03) 9557 9113 or use our contact form for more information about how we may be able to help you. All calls are confidential, and there is absolutely no obligation.

You can also book an appointment by using our online booking form for online appointments. Or, if you prefer, you can book an in-clinic session.

Note: Whilst we will do our best to assist you, client commitment to and participation in the treatment process is essential to optimise results. Although some of our therapists work with people presenting with this condition, no guarantees of any outcomes can be made.

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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)


Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a short-term, goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment that aims to change negative patterns of thinking or behaviour. It is based on the idea that our thoughts, feelings, and actions are interconnected and that changing negative thought patterns can lead to changes in feelings and behaviours. CBT helps individuals identify and challenge distorted or unhelpful thinking patterns and beliefs, teaching them to respond to challenging situations more effectively. It is commonly used to treat a wide range of disorders, including depression, anxiety, and phobias. The therapy involves working with a therapist in a structured setting, and the skills learned can be applied to everyday life. With its evidence-based approach, CBT has proven effective for many individuals in managing their psychological challenges.

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Psychodynamic Therapy


Psychodynamic therapy, rooted in the theories of psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud, focuses on the unconscious processes as they manifest in a person's present behaviour. The goal is to increase self-awareness and understanding of how past experiences influence current behaviour. It explores unresolved conflicts and traumatic experiences from the past, which may be impacting present-day behaviours and emotions. Therapists often delve into childhood events, dreams, and the relationship between the therapist and client to uncover hidden patterns. By bringing these unconscious feelings and drives to consciousness, individuals can gain insights into their lives, leading to healing and personal growth. While traditionally long-term, many contemporary forms of psychodynamic therapy are shorter-term. It is used to treat a broad range of conditions, including depression, anxiety, and personality disorders.

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Person-Centred Therapy (or Rogerian Therapy)


Person-centred therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, is a humanistic approach that emphasises the individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and growth. The therapist provides an environment of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness, allowing clients to freely express themselves without fear of judgement. This nurturing atmosphere facilitates self-exploration and self-acceptance. Central to the approach is the belief that individuals possess an innate ability to find their solutions when given the right conditions. The therapist's role is not to direct or advise, but rather to act as a facilitative companion on the client's journey. The focus is on the here and now, with the aim to enhance the individual's self-awareness, self-worth, and capacity to create positive changes in their lives.

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Hypnotherapy


Hypnotherapy is a therapeutic technique that uses guided relaxation, intense concentration, and focused attention to achieve a heightened state of consciousness or trance. Conducted by certified hypnotherapists, it taps into the subconscious mind, allowing clients to explore suppressed memories, emotions, or negative patterns. The process can facilitate behaviour change by introducing positive affirmations or suggestions. Hypnotherapy is often employed to treat anxieties, phobias, substance addictions, unwanted behaviours, and pain management. It can also be used to uncover and address deeper traumas or past experiences. While many report positive results from hypnotherapy, it requires the individual's willingness and trust in the process. It is crucial to approach it with an open mind and under the guidance of a trained professional.

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Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)


Interpersonal therapy (IPT) is a time-limited, evidence-based treatment that focuses on interpersonal issues, aiming to improve communication patterns and relational dynamics. Developed primarily for depression, IPT operates on the premise that psychological symptoms are often linked to interpersonal problems. It concentrates on four main areas: unresolved grief, role disputes (conflicts with significant others), role transitions (major life changes), and interpersonal deficits (long-standing difficulties in forming and maintaining healthy relationships). Therapists help clients identify and address current interpersonal issues that may contribute to their emotional distress. By enhancing communication and relational skills, IPT seeks to alleviate symptoms and improve interpersonal functioning. Emphasising the here and now, it offers practical strategies and insights for individuals to better navigate their social environments.

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Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)


Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) is a cognitive-behavioural treatment developed by Dr. Marsha Linehan, primarily for individuals with borderline personality disorder and chronic suicidality. DBT combines standard cognitive-behavioural techniques with concepts from Buddhist meditation, emphasising both acceptance and change. The therapy addresses emotional dysregulation by teaching patients skills in four key areas: mindfulness (staying present in the moment), distress tolerance (managing crises and accepting situations without change), emotion regulation (understanding and managing intense emotions), and interpersonal effectiveness (communicating and setting boundaries). DBT incorporates both individual therapy and group skills training. Its efficacy has expanded beyond its initial focus, showing promise in treating other disorders like eating disorders, substance use disorders, and mood disorders. It aims to balance self-acceptance with the need for change, fostering both emotional stability and interpersonal effectiveness.

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Integrative or Eclectic Therapy


Integrative or Eclectic therapy combines elements from various therapeutic approaches based on a client's individual needs. Instead of adhering to a single therapy model, integrative therapists are flexible, drawing from multiple theories and techniques to create a personalised treatment. This approach recognizes the value of diverse therapeutic methods and believes no one size fits all. By blending elements from different therapies, integrative practitioners aim to enhance treatment efficacy, tailoring it to the specific issues, preferences, and cultural backgrounds of each client. The underlying principle is that different individuals may benefit from different approaches at different times. Thus, an integrative or eclectic approach is holistic, adaptable, and client-centred, aiming to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes by using a wider range of tools and insights.

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Narrative Therapy


Narrative therapy is a therapeutic approach that centres on the stories people construct and hold about their lives. Developed by Michael White and David Epston, it posits that individuals give meaning to their experiences through narrative, often influenced by societal norms and beliefs. In this therapy, problems are externalised, allowing clients to view issues as separate from themselves. Therapists help clients "re-author" these narratives, emphasising strengths, achievements, and overlooked potential. By dissecting and reframing these stories, individuals can perceive challenges differently, identify alternative narratives, and construct more empowered versions of their lives. The approach is non-pathologizing, viewing people as experts of their own lives, with the therapist acting as a collaborative partner in the exploration and rewriting process. Narrative therapy fosters resilience, agency, and personal transformation.

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Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)


Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) is a goal-oriented approach that emphasises solutions rather than problems. Developed by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg in the 1980s, SFBT operates on the belief that clients possess inherent strengths and resources to manage difficulties and create desired changes. Instead of delving into the origins of problems, the therapy focuses on envisioning a preferred future and identifying practical steps to achieve it. Sessions often involve questions that help clients recognize successes, however small, and build on them. Questions might explore exceptions (times when the problem was not present) or elicit positive feedback, reinforcing progress. SFBT is typically shorter in duration than other modalities and is applicable across various settings and populations, emphasising resilience, competence, and actionable solutions.

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Gestalt Therapy


Gestalt therapy, developed by Fritz Perls in the mid-20th century, is an experiential and holistic approach focusing on self-awareness and the "here and now." It emphasises personal responsibility and the individual's experience in the present moment, the environment, and the context. The therapy seeks to help clients integrate fragmented aspects of the self, leading to a more unified, authentic whole. Gestalt therapists use creative techniques, including role-playing, dialogue, and experiential exercises, to heighten awareness and resolve unfinished business or "gestalts." Central to the approach is the belief in the innate human capacity for self-regulation and growth when individuals fully experience their feelings and perceptions. Gestalt therapy underscores the importance of the therapist-client relationship, direct engagement, and mutual influence, aiming to foster self-acceptance and personal growth.

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Schema Therapy


Schema therapy, developed by Dr. Jeffrey Young, integrates elements of cognitive-behavioural, psychodynamic, attachment, and gestalt approaches to treat complex disorders, particularly borderline personality disorder. It posits that maladaptive "schemas" or core beliefs form in childhood due to unmet emotional needs. These schemas persist into adulthood, leading to unhealthy life patterns or coping styles. The therapy identifies and addresses these deep-rooted schemas, aiming to replace them with healthier coping mechanisms. Schema therapy uses various techniques like cognitive restructuring, experiential exercises, and behavioural pattern-breaking. Therapists also emphasise a therapeutic relationship marked by "limited reparenting," wherein they provide the support and guidance that clients might have missed in their childhood. By addressing these core beliefs and their origins, schema therapy seeks long-lasting change and healing for individuals with chronic psychological challenges.

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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)


Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a therapeutic approach that blends traditional behaviour therapy with mindfulness principles. Developed by Steven C. Hayes in the 1980s, ACT's primary objective is to increase psychological flexibility. It encourages individuals to embrace their thoughts and feelings rather than resisting or feeling guilty for them. The therapy focuses on six core processes: cognitive defusion (distancing from unhelpful thoughts), acceptance (embracing feelings without judgement), present-moment awareness (mindfulness), self-as-context (recognizing a consistent self beyond thoughts), values clarification (identifying what truly matters), and committed action (taking steps aligned with values). ACT posits that pain is a normal part of life and aims to help clients pursue meaningful lives in the presence of pain, rather than avoiding or being dominated by internal distress.

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Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)


Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is an integrative therapy that combines traditional cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with mindfulness strategies. Developed to prevent the recurrence of depression, MBCT teaches individuals to become more aware of their thoughts and feelings, fostering a different relationship with them rather than trying to eliminate them. This approach aids in recognizing and disrupting automatic cognitive processes, often preventing depressive relapses. Through meditation exercises and awareness techniques, clients learn to focus on the present moment, reducing rumination and negative thought patterns. Research has shown MBCT to be effective in reducing the recurrence of depression, especially for those with a history of recurrent episodes. Beyond depression, it is also applied to various conditions, promoting mental well-being by cultivating mindfulness and a more adaptive relationship with thoughts and emotions.

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Family Systems Therapy


Family systems therapy, rooted in the work of Murray Bowen, views individuals in the context of their family unit, considering familial relationships, dynamics, and patterns. It posits that an individual's behaviours and emotional well-being are inseparable from the family system they belong to. Distress or dysfunction in one member often reflects broader family dynamics. The therapy seeks to identify and address unhealthy patterns within the family, aiming to foster understanding, improve communication, and resolve conflicts. Therapists observe interactions, facilitate dialogues, and guide family members towards healthier ways of relating. They consider generational patterns, roles, and boundaries. The goal is not just to address the concerns of one member but to enhance the well-being and functionality of the entire family system, recognizing its interconnected nature.

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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) References


  • Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427-440.
  • Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Weitz, E., Andersson, G., Hollon, S. D., & van Straten, A. (2017). The effects of psychotherapies for major depression in adults on remission, recovery, and improvement: a meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 202, 511-517.
  • Wiles, N., Thomas, L., Abel, A., Ridgway, N., Turner, N., Campbell, J., ... & Hollinghurst, S. (2013). Cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for primary care based patients with treatment-resistant depression: results of the CoBalT randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 381(9864), 375-384.
  • Johnsen, T. J., & Friborg, O. (2015). The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy as an anti-depressive treatment is falling: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141(4), 747.
  • Driessen, E., Van, H. L., Don, F. J., Peen, J., Kool, S., Westra, D., ... & Dekker, J. J. (2013). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy in the outpatient treatment of major depression: a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(9), 1041-1050.
  • Cuijpers, P., Cristea, I. A., Karyotaki, E., Reijnders, M., & Huibers, M. J. (2016). How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence. World Psychiatry, 15(3), 245-258.

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Psychodynamic Therapy References


  • Leichsenring, F., & Rabung, S. (2011). Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorders: update of a meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(1), 15-22.
  • Abbass, A., Kisely, S., & Kroenke, K. (2014). Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for somatic disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(5), 265-274.
  • Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2015). The neurobiology of mentalizing. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6(4), 366.
  • Gerber, A. J., Kocsis, J. H., Milrod, B. L., Roose, S. P., Barber, J. P., Thase, M. E., ... & Schneier, F. R. (2011). A quality-based review of randomized controlled trials of psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(1), 19-28.
  • Munder, T., Wilmers, F., Leonhart, R., Linster, H. W., & Barth, J. (2010). Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised (WAI-SR): psychometric properties in outpatients and inpatients. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17(3), 231-239.
  • Town, J. M., Diener, M. J., Abbass, A., Leichsenring, F., Driessen, E., & Rabung, S. (2012). A meta-analysis of psychodynamic psychotherapy outcomes: Evaluating the effects of research-specific procedures. Psychotherapy, 49(3), 276.

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Person-Centred Therapy (or Rogerian Therapy) References


  • Elliott, R., Greenberg, L. S., Watson, J., Timulak, L., & Freire, E. (2013). Research on humanistic-experiential psychotherapies. Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change, 495-538.
  • Cooper, M., O'Hara, M., Schmid, P. F., & Wyatt, G. (2016). The Handbook of Person-Centred Psychotherapy and Counselling. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (2018). Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Watson, J. C. (2017). Constructing the therapeutic relationship in person-centered therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 27(4), 475.
  • Cepeda, L. M., & Davenport, D. S. (2016). Person-centered therapy and solution-focused brief therapy: An integration of present and future awareness. Psychotherapy, 53(1), 27.
  • Murphy, R., & Hutton, P. (2018). Practitioner review: Therapist variability, patient-reported therapeutic alliance, and clinical outcomes in adolescents undergoing mental health treatment–A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(1), 5-19.

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Hypnotherapy References


  • Alladin, A. (2012). Cognitive hypnotherapy: An integrated approach to the treatment of emotional disorders. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26(4), 272-284.
  • Elkins, G., Barabasz, A., Council, J., & Spiegel, D. (2015). Advancing research and practice: The revised APA Division 30 definition of hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 57(4), 378-385.
  • Jensen, M. P., Jamieson, G. A., Lutz, A., Mazzoni, G., McGeown, W. J., Santarcangelo, E. L., ... & Terhune, D. B. (2015). New directions in hypnosis research: Strategies for advancing the cognitive and clinical neuroscience of hypnosis. Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2015(1), niv012.
  • Elkins, G., Barabasz, A., Council, J., & Spiegel, D. (2015). Advancing Research and Practice: The Revised APA Division 30 Definition of Hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 63(1), 1-9.
  • Lynn, S. J., Rhue, J. W., & Kirsch, I. (2010). Handbook of clinical hypnosis (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Alladin, A. (2012). Cognitive hypnotherapy: An integrated approach to the treatment of emotional disorders. John Wiley & Sons.

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Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) References


  • Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Weitz, E., Andersson, G., Hollon, S. D., & van Straten, A. (2016). The effects of psychotherapies for major depression in adults on remission, recovery, and improvement: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(3), 262.
  • Markowitz, J. C., & Weissman, M. M. (2012). Interpersonal psychotherapy: Past, present and future. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 19(2), 99-105.
  • Mufson, L., Dorta, K. P., Wickramaratne, P., Nomura, Y., Olfson, M., & Weissman, M. M. (2017). A randomized effectiveness trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(6), 577-584.
  • Cuijpers, P., Geraedts, A. S., van Oppen, P., Andersson, G., Markowitz, J. C., & van Straten, A. (2011). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(6), 581-592.
  • Belsher, B. E., Beevers, C. G., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2012). Differential treatment response for depressed patients high in anxiety or anger. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(5), 852.
  • Lemmens, L. H., Galindo-Garre, F., Arntz, A., Peeters, F., Hollon, S. D., Derubeis, R. J., & Huibers, M. J. (2017). Exploring mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for adult depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 94, 81-92.

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Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) References


  • Kliem, S., Kröger, C., & Kosfelder, J. (2010). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis using mixed-effects modeling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 936.
  • Panos, P. T., Jackson, J. W., Hasan, O., & Panos, A. (2014). Meta-analysis and systematic review assessing the efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Research on Social Work Practice, 24(2), 213-223.
  • Linehan, M. M., Korslund, K. E., Harned, M. S., Gallop, R. J., Lungu, A., Neacsiu, A. D., ... & Murray-Gregory, A. M. (2015). Dialectical behavior therapy for high suicide risk in individuals with borderline personality disorder: A randomized clinical trial and component analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(5), 475-482.
  • Chapman, A. L. (2016). Dialectical behavior therapy: Current indications and unique elements. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 3(9), 62.
  • Neacsiu, A. D., Eberle, J. W., Kramer, R., Wiesmann, T., & Linehan, M. M. (2014). Dialectical behavior therapy skills for transdiagnostic emotion dysregulation: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 59, 40-51.
  • Paris, J. (2017). Is hospitalization useful for suicidal patients with borderline personality disorder?. Journal of Personality Disorders, 31(1), 58-66.

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Integrative or Eclectic Therapy References


  • Norcross, J. C., & Goldfried, M. R. (Eds.). (2019). Handbook of psychotherapy integration (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Cook, J. E., Biyanova, T., & Coyne, J. C. (2010). Barriers to adoption of new treatments: An internet study of practicing community psychotherapists. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 37(2), 83-90.
  • Watson, J. C., Gordon, L. B., Stermac, L., Kalogerakos, F., & Steckley, P. (2010). Comparing the effectiveness of process‐experiential with cognitive‐behavioral psychotherapy in the treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 1030.
  • Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). The great psychotherapy debate: The evidence for what makes psychotherapy work (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  • Cooper, M. (2019). The challenge of counselling and psychotherapy research. Counselling Psychology Review, 24(3-4), 88-96.
  • Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., Andersson, G., & van Oppen, P. (2010). Psychotherapy for depression in adults: A meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(6), 909.

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Narrative Therapy References


  • Vetlesen, A. J. (2015). Narrative exposure therapy: A short-term treatment for traumatic stress disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(8), 688-696.
  • Mørkved, N., Winje, D., Dovran, A., Arefjord, K., Johnsen, I. H., Kroken, R. A., ... & Thimm, J. C. (2019). A pilot study of narrative exposure therapy in adolescents and young adults with borderline personality features and self-harm. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 656.
  • Robjant, K., & Fazel, M. (2010). The emerging evidence for Narrative Exposure Therapy: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 1030-1039.
  • Grysman, A., & Hudson, J. A. (2013). Gender differences in autobiographical memory: Developmental and methodological considerations. Developmental Review, 33(3), 239-272.
  • Thomaes, K., Dorrepaal, E., Draijer, N., Jansma, E. P., Veltman, D. J., & van Balkom, A. J. (2014). Can pharmacological and psychological treatment change brain structure and function in PTSD? A systematic review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 50, 1-15.
  • McLeod, J. (2013). An introduction to counselling. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

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Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) References


  • Franklin, C., Trepper, T. S., Gingerich, W. J., & McCollum, E. E. (2011). Solution-focused brief therapy: A handbook of evidence-based practice. Oxford University Press.
  • Kim, J. S. (2014). Examining the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy: A meta-analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, 24(3), 304-315.
  • De Shazer, S., & Dolan, Y. (2012). More than miracles: The state of the art of solution-focused brief therapy. Routledge.
  • Bond, C., Woods, K., Humphrey, N., Symes, W., & Green, L. (2013). Practitioner review: The effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy with children and families: A systematic and critical evaluation of the literature from 1990–2010. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(7), 707-723.
  • Stams, G. J., Deković, M., Buist, K., & de Vries, L. (2011). Efficacy of solution-focused brief therapy: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(4), 605-617.
  • Gingerich, W. J., & Peterson, L. T. (2013). Effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy: A systematic qualitative review of controlled outcome studies. Research on Social Work Practice, 23(3), 266-283.

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Gestalt Therapy References


  • Roubal, J. (Ed.). (2016). Gestalt therapy in clinical practice: From psychopathology to the aesthetics of contact. Siracusa: Gestalt Press.
  • Brownell, P. (2016). Handbook for theory, research, and practice in gestalt therapy (2nd ed.). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Elliott, R., Watson, J. C., Goldman, R. N., & Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Learning emotion-focused therapy: The process-experiential approach to change. American Psychological Association.
  • Perls, F., Hefferline, R. F., & Goodman, P. (2010). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. Start Publishing LLC.
  • Yontef, G., & Jacobs, L. (2010). Gestalt therapy. In Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology (4th ed.). Wiley.
  • Brown, M., & Pedder, J. (2015). Introduction to psychotherapy: An outline of psychodynamic principles and practice (4th ed.). Routledge.

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Schema Therapy References


  • Arntz, A., & Jacob, G. (2012). Schema therapy in practice: An introductory guide to the schema mode approach. Wiley.
  • Giesen-Bloo, J., & Arntz, A. (2013). Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: randomized trial of schema-focused therapy vs transference-focused psychotherapy. Archives of general psychiatry, 63(6), 649-658.
  • Rafaeli, E., Bernstein, D. P., & Young, J. (2011). Schema therapy: Distinctive features. Routledge.
  • Nordahl, H. M., & Nysæter, T. E. (2015). Schema therapy for patients with borderline personality disorder: a single case series. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 48, 69-77.
  • Cockram, D. M., Drummond, P. D., & Lee, C. W. (2010). Role and treatment of early maladaptive schemas in Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 17(3), 165-182.
  • Bamelis, L. L., Evers, S. M., Spinhoven, P., & Arntz, A. (2014). Results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness of schema therapy for personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(3), 305-322.

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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) References


  • Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (Eds.). (2012). Process-based CBT: The science and core clinical competencies of cognitive behavioral therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Swain, J., Hancock, K., Hainsworth, C., & Bowman, J. (2013). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in the treatment of anxiety: A systematic review. Clinical psychology review, 33(8), 965-978.
  • A-tjak, J. G., Davis, M. L., Morina, N., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2015). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy for clinically relevant mental and physical health problems. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(1), 30-36.
  • Öst, L. G. (2014). The efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Behaviour research and therapy, 61, 105-121.
  • Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., Moitra, E., Yeomans, P. D., & Geller, P. A. (2012). A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Behavior modification, 36(6), 742-766.
  • Levin, M. E., Hildebrandt, M. J., Lillis, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2012). The impact of treatment components suggested by the psychological flexibility model: A meta-analysis of laboratory-based component studies. Behavior therapy, 43(4), 741-756.

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Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) References


  • Kuyken, W., Warren, F. C., Taylor, R. S., Whalley, B., Crane, C., Bondolfi, G., ... & Segal, Z. (2016). Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Prevention of Depressive Relapse. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(6), 565-574.
  • Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 78(2), 169.
  • Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clinical psychology review, 37, 1-12.
  • van der Velden, A. M., Kuyken, W., Wattar, U., Crane, C., Pallesen, K. J., Dahlgaard, J., ... & Piet, J. (2015). A systematic review of mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the treatment of recurrent major depressive disorder. Clinical psychology review, 37, 26-39.
  • Strauss, C., Cavanagh, K., Oliver, A., & Pettman, D. (2014). Mindfulness-based interventions for people diagnosed with a current episode of an anxiety or depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PLOS ONE, 9(4), e96110.
  • Crane, C., & Kuyken, W. (2013). The implementation of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: Learning from the UK health service experience. Mindfulness, 4(3), 246-254.

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Family Systems Therapy References


  • Carr, A. (2014). The evidence base for couple therapy, family therapy and systemic interventions for adult-focused problems. Journal of Family Therapy, 36(2), 158-194.
  • Lebow, J. L. (2014). Couple and family therapy: An integrative map of the territory. American Psychological Association.
  • Sexton, T. L., & Datchi, C. (2014). The development and evolution of family therapy research: Its impact on practice, current status, and future directions. Family Process, 53(3), 415-433.
  • Asen, E., & Fonagy, P. (2012). Mentalization-based therapeutic interventions for families. Journal of Family Therapy, 34(4), 347-370.
  • Sprenkle, D. H. (Ed.). (2012). Effectiveness research in marriage and family therapy. American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy.
  • Miller, S. D., Hubble, M. A., & Duncan, B. L. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of solution-focused brief therapy: Clinical applications. John Wiley & Sons.

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